The Orlan Space Suit is a series of Russian-made extravehicular activity (EVA) suits developed for spacewalks. First introduced in the 1970s, the Orlan suits have evolved through multiple iterations to support cosmonauts during space operations. Designed for durability, ease of use, and reliability, the Orlan suit remains a cornerstone of Russian space missions, including its use aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
What Is The Orlan Space Suit?
The Orlan suit is a semi-rigid design, combining a hard torso with flexible arms and legs, allowing a balance between protection and mobility. A defining feature is its rear-entry system, where the cosmonaut enters the suit through a hatch on the back, which doubles as the life support system compartment. This design minimizes preparation time and reduces the need for assistance.
The life support system provides oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, and regulates temperature and humidity. The suit also includes a communication system and an onboard pressure regulator, ensuring safety and comfort during long EVAs. Additionally, it offers protection from micrometeoroids and the temperature extremes of space.
Each Orlan suit can support an EVA for up to 7 hours, with a maximum operational life of several years. The suits are modular, allowing components to be replaced or upgraded, which is crucial for long-term missions.
Evolution of the Orlan Series
The Orlan suits have undergone significant advancements since their inception. The Orlan-D was the first model developed in the 1970s for the Soviet Salyut space stations. This was followed by the Orlan-DM, used for EVAs during the Mir space station era.
Subsequent models, such as the Orlan-M and Orlan-MK, introduced digital displays, enhanced life support systems, and improved materials for greater durability and flexibility. The latest version, the Orlan-MKS, incorporates advanced computerized controls and thermal management systems, further increasing reliability and functionality.
The Orlan suits are compatible with the Russian segment of the ISS, where they are used for maintenance, repairs, and scientific experiments. Their robust design and adaptability have made them a trusted tool for decades of space exploration.
The Orlan Spacesuit in Action
Here are five major Russian space missions where the Orlan space suit played a crucial role:
Salyut 6 and Salyut 7 Space Stations (1977–1986)
The Orlan-D and Orlan-DM suits were used for early extravehicular activities (EVAs) on the Soviet Salyut stations. These missions included station repairs, upgrades, and scientific experiments, marking the first extensive use of Orlan suits in space.Mir Space Station (1986–2001)
The Orlan-DMA and later the Orlan-M suits were integral to the Mir program. Cosmonauts conducted over 78 EVAs for station maintenance, module installation, and scientific activities, showcasing the reliability of the Orlan suits during long-term missions.Soyuz T-13 Mission to Mir (1985)
During a critical rescue mission to the Mir station, the Orlan suit was used for a daring EVA to repair the station’s power system, demonstrating its role in high-stakes operations.ISS Russian Segment Construction and Maintenance (2000–Present)
The Orlan-M and Orlan-MK suits have been used extensively for EVAs from the ISS. Cosmonauts in Orlan suits have installed and maintained modules like Pirs, Poisk, Nauka, and Prichal, as well as upgraded equipment on the Russian Orbital Segment.Soyuz TM-33 EVA for Satellite Retrieval (2001)
During this mission, cosmonauts used the Orlan-M suit to retrieve scientific satellites and perform repairs outside the ISS. It highlighted the suit’s versatility and effectiveness for satellite operations in space.
Achievements and Legacy of the Orlan Space Suit
The Orlan space suit has been a key player in some of the most significant milestones in space exploration. Cosmonauts have relied on Orlan suits for over 250 EVAs, performing tasks ranging from satellite retrieval to the construction and upkeep of space stations.
The longevity and success of the Orlan series demonstrate its engineering excellence and adaptability. As new models are developed to meet the demands of future missions, including lunar and deep-space exploration, the Orlan suit continues to symbolize the innovation and resilience of Russian space technology.
